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There are a wide variety of scales you can use in addition to the ones that derive naturally from the key signature. These other scales are either non-diatonic or abbreviations of longer scales. Some of these scales are derived from modes such as the following two pentatonic scales ("pent" is derived from the Greek word for five). Major Pentatonic Scale
The major pentatonic scale is just the Major scale playing only five of the notes. (i.e. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6). Minor Pentatonic Scale
The minor pentatonic scale is one of the most common scales of all but it is really just the Aeolian mode playing only five of the notes. (i.e. 1, b3, 4, 5, b7). Blues Scale
The blues scale is exactly the same as the minor pentatonic scale but with the inclusion of a flat 5th in addition to the perfect 5th (1, b3, 4, b5, 5, b7, 1). Melodic Minor Scale
The melodic minor is also like the Aeolian mode but with a major 6th and 7th. This scale is often performed ascending/going up and then completed with a natural minor descending/going down. Harmonic Minor
The harmonic minor is like the Aeolian mode but with a major 7th. Whole Tone Scale
The whole tone scale is made entirely from whole tone intervals (1,2,3,#4,#5,b7). Chromatic Scale
The chromatic scale has all twelve notes one semitone after another.
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